BS807 The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars
David Noel
<davidn@aoi.com.au>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
Black Holes
This article is a follow-up to "BS809: Graphic Representations of Black Holes and other Vortex Stars" [A], explaining the SpinTube Model, a particular model of Black Holes and other Vortex Stars. It also goes further to propose a mechanism for the generation of the powerful axial beams which are such a feature of vortex stars.
It should be noted that this model only applies to Real Black Holes, rather than the concept first proposed by John Michell back in 1783 -- that of a body so massive that its escape velocity exceeded the speed of light, and so could not emit light.
The essential difference between Real Black Holes and Michell Black Holes is that the Michell variety is stationary, while Real ones are rotating (and doing so very rapidly). The mathematical treatment of black holes developed by Schwarzschild, which led to concepts such as Event Horizons and Schwarzschild Limits, only applies to Michell black holes. Real black holes can (and invariably do), emit huge quantities along their beam axes of both radiation and matter.
Figure BS807-F1. Mass and rotation rates in vortex stars / black holes. From [A].
Vortex Stars include all real black holes, as well as the star classifications called White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars. Black Holes are often treated as either Stellar Black Holes, the lower-mass types derived from normal (fusion) star blowup, or AGNs, the Active Galactic Nuclei or Supermassive Black Holes found at the centres of galaxies.
Figure F1 shows a plot of mass against spin rate for vortex stars. Using logarithmic scales, it appears that there is a direct relationship between mass and spin rate in vortex stars. and we will show later why this may occur.
The size and shape of Black Holes
The dimensions and shapes of black holes is not a subject which has been widely considered. Many representations are spherical, or have spherical centres. White Dwarfs, the least massive on the spectrum of vortex stars, are known to decrease in size with increasing mass.
It was shown in [A] that real black holes cannot be very wide, they must be under about 100 km in maximum width. This is because of their rapid rotation -- the highest-mass black holes fall in the class of millisecond quasars, with a nominal rotation rate of a thousand times a second.
As of 2024, the fastest-spinning quasar known spins at 716 times per second, a little below the nominal rate. At such rates, the limitation of the speed of light comes into play. At the rim of a black hole 100 km across, spinning 1000 times a second, the nominal speed would be 314,000 km/sec, faster than the speed of light.
In a few cases, it has been possible to measure the size of quasars, and they have indeed been less than 100 km. This applies to their width, whether they have a measurable length or not is not clear. In the SpinTube Model, a black hole is represented as a spinning cylinder (Fig. F2).
Figure BS807-F2. SpinTube graphic representation of a black hole or vortex star. From [A].
Although lacking in artistic skill, this graphic does show the main features of black holes and other vortex stars -- an active rotating cylindrical shape, emitting material along both its spin axes.
Energy and Mass are equivalent
Black Holes and other Vortex Stars are immense stores of mass and/or energy --but which? There is a (possibly new) way of looking at them which gives a useful handle.
According to the standard Einstein equation, E=Mc2, energy and mass are Equivalent. Let us interpret this to mean that energy and mass are the same thing, just different ways at looking at the same thing.
This idea that mass and energy are the same thing is not new. Back in 1644, the brilliant French scientist and mathematician Rene Descartes (for whom Cartesian geometry is named) suggested that matter consisted of spinning vortexes, and so matter is a form of rotational energy.
A recent description of the matters involved here is in "BS802: GEMMA -- The Spindle Vortex Model for Gravity, Energy, Matter, Magnetism, Antimatter" [B]. In this model, an atom is treated as a vortex.
Figure BS807-F3. A Spindle Vortex. From [B].
A useful advantage of this model is that it gives a natural explanation of Gravity. The attractive force of a vortex is covered in the well-developed field of fluid dynamics.
Spinstuff: what is the nature of the stuff in black holes?
This question is one which appears to have been little investigated by science. From what appears above, it has aspects of both matter and energy. Here we will call this material Spinstuff.
There are a couple of insightful points here. First, look again at Figure F1, the plot of mass against spin rate in vortex stars. If mass and spin energy are the same thing, then of course there must be a straight-line relationship between the two.
Second, when vortex stars are considered, the overriding influence of rotational energy must be taken into account. In "SL102: How did the Universe Begin and Evolve?" [C], it is suggested that that the AGN at the centre of a galaxy is slowly sucking in stuff from the whole volume of and beyond the galaxy's current limits -- it is harvesting both mass and energy, in particular rotational energy.
Here then is a explanation of how AGNs can accumulate such immense Spinstuff stores. We know that mass/energy is always conserved, and with vortex stars the conservation of rotational energy is highly significant. When a body contracts in size, its rotational energy is conserved. If it started off with a spin, then the spin rate will increase as it gets smaller.
An example may be helpful in appreciating this. Our Earth is spinning, at a rate of just under 24 hours per spin. If the Earth was compressed down to black-hole substance density, when it might be under a metre across, its conserved angular energy would cause it to be rotating at several hundred times a second, similar to a millisecond quasar.
In summary, if a celestial body continues to accumulate mass/energy as much as is possible, the highest real example currently known is of a millisecond quasar. This would have a mass of some billions of solar masses or a spin rate of around a millisecond per rotation -- these values are equivalent, denoting the same thing.
Are there limits on vortex star spin rate and mass?
It seems that there may be a limit on the magnitude of a vortex star, and the maximum size may be that of a true millisecond quasar or thereabouts. This is because as the limit is approached, stuff on the outside rim of the SpinTube is moving closer and closer to the speed of light.
If the SpinTube is close to this maximum, stuff it is accumulating from outside may be at a relatively small rate, with its output through its axial beams matching this rate, and then the position is fairly stable. But if the vortex star swallows a relatively massive object, such as a large planet or a brown dwarf, its total mass may go over the maximum allowed.
In this case, the vortex star must get rid of mass immediately, to bring it down below the limit. This may be the cause of some of the high-energy events which have puzzled scientists as to their origin, such as Fast Radio Bursts. When the merging objects are particularly massive, as with two AGNs, this may be the cause of some of the gravitational wave events which are detectable from distant parts of the Universe.
The mechanism for vortex star Axial Beam formation
We know that black holes and other vortex stars produce intense axial beams. How do they do this? This topic has been little considered by scientists, but a preliminary model is suggested here.
Figure BS807-F4. SpinTube Beam Formation Model,
Figure F4 is a representation of a preliminary SpinTube model. The vortex star is shown as a rapidly rotating cylinder filled with Spinstuff. This spinstuff may be in discrete blobs (spin-lets) or may a homogenous fluid (spin-fluid). In any case, consider the physical forces acting on the Spinstuff.
First, centrifugal forces will be acting to push the spinstuff towards the surface of the cylinder. But as the spinstuff approaches the surface, it gets closer and closer to the speed of light, so the barrier presented may force the stuff downwards towards the cylinder axis. The whole contents of the SpinTube may be churning and moving in a sort of super-Brownian movement,
The only escape from these forces is for the stuff to reform into radiation and particles and escape from the ends of the cylinder as axial beams.
This is a preliminary model, and as such is open to criticism, improvement, or replacement. Up to the present time (2025), I have not been able to find any alternative models put forward.
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References and Links
[A]. David Noel. BS809: Graphic Representations of Black Holes and other Vortex Stars, and some Bold Propositions on the Universe. https://www.aoi.com.au/BaseScience/BS809/ .
[B]. David Noel. UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars -- White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs . http://aoi.com.au/UG/UG102/index.htm .
[C]. David Noel. SL102: How did the Universe Begin and Evolve?. Universe Today, July 13, 2024. https://www.www.aoi.com.au/SL/SL102/ .
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