SL101: What is Dark Matter?
David Noel
<davidn@aoi.com.au>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
The Nature and History of Dark Matter
Dark Matter was first proposed by the brilliant Swiss-American astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky, to explain the motions of distant galaxies and galaxy clusters [A]. These appeared to contain much more of a material exerting gravitational effects than could be accounted for in the masses of visible stars in the relevant bodies.
Over the years, a number of amazing suggestions have been made as to the nature of Dark Matter. In this Solution, it is shown unambiguously that Dark Matter is simply ordinary matter which, for one reason or another, has not been recognized from its radiation. But it still exerts normal gravitational effects.
Fusion and Vortex Stars
Most of the light we receive from within our own Milky Way galaxy comes from Normal (Fusion) Stars. These stars generate light (and other electromagnetic radiation) from nuclear fusion processes within them, whereby lighter-element atoms are fused into heavier ones.
Fusion stars emit their radiation fairly uniformly in all directions. This is assumed without thinking, as the norm for stars.
Light from distant galaxies, and from certain local sources, mostly comes from Vortex Stars. Vortex Stars include the AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei or Supermassive Black Holes) which lie at the heart of most galaxies, and which are responsible for most of their emitted radiation.
Within the Milky Way, Vortex Stars include White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Stellar Black Holes. The amount of light we detect from these is quite small compared to that we receive from normal (fusion) stars.
Vortex Stars do NOT emit radiation in all directions. Instead, they are very rapidly rotating bodies, and only emit significant radiation along their axes of rotation. Understanding this is vital to understanding why they may appear dark.
Fig. SL101-F1. Black holes and other vortex stars emit along rotation axes. From [A].
This point is not currently in dispute, but is standard science. Vortex star beams are what's called collimated, that is they are restricted to a narrow path, with very little spread -- like laser beams.
This means that a vortex star is only visible if it is viewed close to its beam axis. Quite early on, it was realized that distant galaxies appear bright or dark according to the angle from which they are viewed.
These AGNs (galaxy cores) were called blazars if they were viewed head-on -- they appear very bright. If viewed slightly off-centre, they appeared much dimmer and were called radio galaxies or Seyfert galaxies. In views even more off-axis, they were not visible at all, and appeared dark. This, then, is the main source of "dark matter" -- galaxies which followed normal gravitational behaviour but were not obvious sources of light.
Fig. SL101-F2. Vortex Stars are only visible close to emission axes.. From [A].
The proportion of vortex stars which appear visible will depend on how much their axial beams spread. Calculations and observations, as in [A], suggest that only about 10 % of AGN beams in the Universe are oriented close enough to the viewpoint of any observer for them to be seen. The other 90% are not seen -- they are "dark matter".
Other sources of "Dark Matter"
Within and around our Milky Way galaxy, there are many bodies with mass less than that of stars which exist between the stars, as in our Oort Cloud [C]. Because they are cool enough that they don't emit their own light, and because they are far enough from stars not to reflect a star's light, they will appear dark to most observers.
This "Oort Soup" is certainly scattered very thinly in interstellar space, but there is an awful lot of such space -- stars and their solar systems occupy only about one-billionth of the Universe's volume. The total mass of the Oort Soup is not exactly known, but it could still represent a significant proportion of the Universe's mass.
Origin of the energy of Vortex Stars
Vortex stars put out huge amounts of energy, and also particles (mass). The source of this mass/energy is seldom discussed, but it seems obvious that, like all vortexes, vortex stars gradually draw in mass and energy from their outer edges. This they then convert into beam products. This is a new area of research which will be covered in"SL109: Powering Vortex Stars".
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AOI articles with relevant evidence
[A]. UG105: Obvious: The Solution to the Dark Matter puzzle. ..
[B]. UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs
[C]. OC402: The Oort Cloud and Mass in the Galaxy .
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SL101 Commenced writing 2025 Feb 21. First version 1.0 on Web 225 Feb 24.
