SL104: What are Real Black Holes?
David Noel
<davidn@aoi.com.au>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
The origin of the Black Hole concept
The concept which came to be called a "Black Hole" was suggested as far back as 1783 by John Michell. He suggested that if a celestial body had a great enough mass, its gravity would lead to an escape velocity greater than than of the speed of light, so no light could escape the body.
As it turns out, a body like that envisaged by John Mitchell probably cannot exist, if current laws of physics apply. But bodies to which the label "Black Hole" have been applied certainly exist, in fact they are everywhere in the wider Universe. Unfortunately, the application of mathematics by Karl Schwarzschild to "Mitchell" Black Holes has leaked over into what we now call Black Holes, even though Real and Mitchell Black Holes are actually different objects.
The essential difference between Real Black Holes and Michell Black Holes is that the Michell variety is stationary, while Real ones are rotating (and doing so very rapidly). The mathematical treatment of black holes developed by Schwarzschild, which led to concepts such as Event Horizons and Schwarzschild Limits, only applies to Michell black holes. Real black holes can (and invariably do), emit huge quantities of both radiation and matter along their rotation axes.
Black Holes are types of Vortex Star
The closer stars, those within our home Milky Way galaxy, are mostly what can be called Fusion Stars. They produce the electromagnetic radiation which we call light using energy derived from the fusion of hydrogen and other small-mass nuclei into heavier ones. This is a standard feature of astronomical physics.
When moving out beyond our own galaxy, more and more of the sources of light encountered are Vortex Stars. These are rapidly-rotating bodies of very high density, and they produce light and other emissions as beams along their axes of rotation. Originally called Quasars and other terms, they are now known to be the Supermassive Black Holes or AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei) which lie at the centre of all galaxies.
Fusion Stars radiate essentially in all directions, while Vortex Stars produce only collimated (tightly channelled) beams in two directions. Away from these axial beam directions, they may not be visible at all. Confusion over this point, with vortex stars assumed to radiate in all directions, has led to vortex stars being assigned grossly exaggerated energy-emission estimates, even among professional astronomers.
Fig. SL104-F1. Black holes and other vortex stars emit along rotation axes. From [A].
There is more explanation of the position in "UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars" [B].
Where Black Holes lie in the Vortex Star range
Real Black Holes lie in the upper half of the range of vortex stars. Figure F2 shows a plot of mass against rotation rate for vortex stars.
Figure SL104-F2. Mass and rotation rates in vortex stars / black holes. From [A].
Lower-mass black holes include the Stellar Black Holes which result from the blowup phase of medium- to high-mass normal (fusion) stars. This is conventional astrophysics. Higher-mass black holes are the AGNs, the Active Galactic Nuclei or Supermassive Black Holes, found at the centres of galaxies. That they result from the accumulation and merger of stars during galaxy evolution is generally accepted.
It is accepted that Neutron Stars result from the blowup of lower- to medium-mass fusion stars. The realization that they are vortex stars is fairly new; it means that the so-called Chandrasekhar Limit at about 1.4 solar masses, which notionally divides Neutron Stars from White Dwarfs, is only arbitrary -- just a point in a range.
White Dwarfs are accepted as resulting from the blowup of the lowest-mass fusion stars. The realization that they are just the lower-mass equivalent of neutron stars is more recent.
It can be seen from Figure F2 that spin rates increase with mass in vortex stars. Lowest-mass white dwarfs rotate in minutes, highest-mass AGNs in hundredths of a second. It may be that mass and rotational energy are the same thing in vortex stars.
The mechanism by which black holes and other vortex stars produce their axial beams has been little investigated. My proposal is explained in "BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars" [C].
Are there limits on vortex star spin rate and mass?
It seems that there may be a limit on the magnitude of a vortex star, and the maximum size may be that of a true millisecond quasar or thereabouts. This is because as the limit is approached, stuff on the outside rim is moving closer and closer to the speed of light. Some implications of this are considered in [C].
The mechanism for vortex star Axial-Beam formation
We know that black holes and other vortex stars produce intense axial beams. How do they do this? This topic has been little considered by scientists, but a preliminary model is suggested in [C].
Figure BSL104-F3. SpinTube Beam Formation Model. From [C].
In this model, beams of energy and particles are produced as centrifugal forces encounter increasing resistance as speed-of-light limits are approached.
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AOI articles with relevant evidence
[A]. UG105: Obvious: The Solution to the Dark Matter puzzle. ..
[B]. UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs
[C]. BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars .
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SL104 Commenced writing 2025 Mar 22. First version 1.0 on Web 2025 April 18.
