SL105: Where do Cosmic Rays originate?
David Noel
<davidn@aoi.com.au>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
Cosmic Rays are the streams of charged particles which reach the Earth from outside. We know that many of them come from the Sun and from other normal (fusion) stars. These are mostly in the lower-energy range.
But the cosmic rays which have puzzled scientists for many years are the higher-energy ones, with many arguments as to their origin. They consist largely of protons, that is, hydrogen nuclei. Some measurements have revealed astonishingly large energies of individual protons, orders of magnitude larger than what have been achieved in man-made accelerators like CERN.
In the highest values noted, an individual proton has been measured with a similar energy to that of a cricket ball moving at 100 kilometres an hour. Such energies are possible because the particles move at close to the speed of light.
It is now known that these ultra-high-energy protons come from the axial-beam emissions of vortex stars, which include black holes. There is more detail on vortex stars in "UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs" [B].
Fig. SL105-F1. Cosmic rays and other emissions from a blazar. From [1].
Figure F1 is a representation of the axial-beam emissions from a blazar -- a black hole AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus) which happens to be positioned so its axial beam points directly at the observer, and so appears particularly bright.
In the source article of this graphic [1], its caption says "A blazar accelerates protons (the yellow p) to the energy levels of cosmic rays, initiating a complex quantum cascade that also releases gamma rays (magenta) and neutrinos (blue), which follow straight paths through space. The coupled detection of these two particles enabled astronomers to identify the blazar as a source of cosmic rays."
Although the figure does give a reasonable feel for the situation, the description in [1] is probably inaccurate in saying the blazar "accelerates" protons. In my view, the blazar is producing a complex mix of particles and radiation along its axes, with protons only a part of this mix.
Although the figure represents the black hole as a disc, it's shown in "BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars" [A] that it it must be more like a thin cylinder, no more than 100 km across. This model envisages the axial beams emerging from the ends of the black hole as products of centrifugal forces pushing spinstuff against speed-of-light barriers, as in Figure F2.
Fig. SL105-F2. The SpinTube Model for vortex star axial emissions. From [A].
In my view, these axial beams are likely to initially contain both ranges of radiation and a complex of particles, including neutrons and antimatter particles, as well as protons, electrons, and perhaps heavier particles such as helium nuclei. The free neutrons will decay in a matter of minutes, while the antiparticles will be overwhelmed by normal matter, leaving the protons (and electrons) as survivors.
Cosmic ray particles have charge
A major difference between axial beam radiation and axial beam particles is that the particles carry charge. This means that the particles will be liable to diversion through the action of magnetic fields, while radiation will not.
This is illustrated in Figure F1, where protons, electrons, and breakdown-product pions and mesons are scattered, while gamma rays and some neutrinos are not (for more about why neutrinos are radiation, not matter, see "BS813: How neutrinos have zero mass but can show flavours" [C] ).
The fact that the main radiation output of blazars is not scattered explains why these objects can still be seen telescopically even while they are vastly distant, some more than 10 billion light-years away. This radiation is in very tightly collimated beams, like laser beams, showing minimal spread over very long distances.
So higher-energy cosmic rays (in recent strict definition, cosmic particles) are the non-radiation component of the axial beams emitted by black holes and other vortex stars. It is possible that as the mass of a vortex star increases, the proportion of its output appearing as particles also increases.
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AOI articles with relevant evidence
[A]. BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars .
[B]. UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs
[C]. BS813: How neutrinos have zero mass but can show flavours .
References and links
[1]. Harrison Tasof. Discovery of a Cosmic-Ray Source Is a Triumph of 'Multimessenger Astronomy'. https://www.space.com/41156-cosmic-ray-source-multimessenger-astronomy.html .
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SL105 Commenced writing 2025 Apr 14. First version 1.0 on Web 2025 Apr 16.
