SL109 How are Vortex Stars Powered?
David Noel
<davidn@aoi.com.au>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
How stars are powered
Most of the stars that we know of in the Milky Way, our home galaxy, are normal (fusion) stars -- they get the energy for the light they radiate from nuclear fusion reactions going on inside them. But here we we are concerned with the other sort of stars -- Vortex Stars. There is more detail on the difference in "UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs" [A].
Vortex Stars are rapidly-rotating bodies which emit radiation and matter in tight beams along their axes of rotation. They are usually detected when the observer is fairly closely aligned with one of these axes -- away from these the star may be faint or not seen at all. This point covers the main reason for the assumption of Dark Matter (see "SL101: What is Dark Matter?" [B] ).
Figure F1 shows the range of vortex stars in a plot of mass against rotation rate. White Dwarfs have the lowest masses in the range, and the lowest rotation rates, at a number of minutes per rotation (this is low for the range, but fast compared to fusion stars like the Sun, which may take a number of days for one spin).
Fig. SL109-F1. The range of Vortex Stars.
Next highest in mass come Neutron Stars, with masses a few times that of the Sun. Because vortex stars decrease in size with increasing mass, unlike fusion stars, it's necessary to talk about "more mass" rather than say "larger". Beyond neutron stars come Stellar Black Holes, then AGNs -- the Active Galactic Nuclei or Supermassive Black Holes found at the centre of all galaxies. These AGNs make up the most prominent objects in the distant parts of the Universe, as they are the major sources of the light seen from many millions or billions of light-years away.
From where do vortex stars get the energy for them to continue to shine, since most of them do not fade over time? Do they have assigned lifetimes and evolutions, like fusion stars? That is the subject dealt wth in this article.
Vortex Stars are Vortexes
The properties of vortexes are quite well-known. They all spin (and so have axes of rotation), and all have a tendency to suck in material from outside, especially at the edges of their plane of rotation, the plane perpendicular to their rotation axes.
This sucking-in tendency can be taken as a natural law. Its theoretical basis lies in what's called Spin Gravity, the gravitational force acting between spinning bodies. There's more detail in "BS806: Mass Gravity and Spin Gravity: Adjusting the Universe" [C]. Spin Gravity is a much weaker force than the Mass Gravity of Newton which we are familiar with, but ends up trimming the final orbits and movements of celestial bodies. It figures in Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, where it has been called "Frame Dragging".
When we are dealing with galaxies, the important thing to realize is that they all have a tendency to drag objects in towards their centres, their AGNs. AGNs rotate very fast indeed, at rates approaching 1000 times a second (millisecond quasars), and at these rates Spin Gravity becomes very important. The AGN is actually responsible for galaxy formation, shifting an earlier globular shape towards that of a disc, and pulling more distant objects in towards its centre -- clearing and concentrating more peripheral objects in intergalactic space.
Fig. SL109-F2. A rotating galaxy. From [1].
So AGNs are continually sucking in stuff from outside, gaining mass and rotational energy, and converting some of this into the radiation and particles which they emit along their axes. A suggested model for how this takes place is given in "BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars" [D].
The Lifetimes of Galaxies
While Spin Gravity is weak compared with Mass Gravity, it falls away inversely with distance, while Mass Gravity falls away as the square of distance. Spin Gravity therefore has a much longer reach, allowing a central AGN to exert influence at great distances -- up to about a million light-years for a galaxy with the mass of the Milky Way (the Milky Way is reckoned to be about 100,000 light-years across).
Normal fusion stars have lifetimes pretty much determined by how much mass they accumulate initially, and the rate at which they convert it. But with vortex stars, their lifetimes depend on how successful they are at sucking in material from outside. This accumulation rate will depend on conditions within the area of space where they lie, and what material they may encounter in moving across the Universe.
The time for an object to move from the edge of a galaxy like the Milky Way right into the centre may be very long, perhaps 20 - 30 billion years, so galaxies may be quite long-lived.
The smallest in the class of vortex stars, White Dwarfs, are known to be one of the products of fusion star blowups, when they reach the end of their lives. Conventional theory has it that White Dwarfs just use up the material they are left with after blowup, and so must inevitably fade away quite quickly. This need not happen if the white dwarf can continue to successfully gain mass and energy from its surroundings.
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AOI articles with relevant evidence
[A]. UG102: Understanding Vortex Stars: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes, and AGNs .
[B]. SL101: What is Dark Matter? .
[C]. BS806: Mass Gravity and Spin Gravity: Adjusting the Universe.
[D]. BS807: The SpinTube Model for Black Holes and other Vortex Stars. .
References and links
[1]. Best Animations. https://au.pinterest.com/pin/601371356463900439/ .
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SL109 Commenced writing 2025 May 16. First version 1.0 on Web 2025 May 18.
